Just like Google, Facebook also has its own set of algorithms. This so-called algorithm is also known as EdgeRank, an algorithm developed by Facebook to manage what posts are displayed and how high each post is on your newsfeed. Here’s the formula for EdgeRank.

EdgeRank comprises of 3 sets of values, Affinity, Weight, and Time Decay.
1. Affinity – one-way relationship between a Facebook user and an Edge. It is comparable to how much of a relationship a Brand and a User/Fan have. The more interaction and engagement a fan has with a brand, will directly influence the user’s affinity. Engagement consists of actions like commenting, liking, sharing, clicking and messaging.
2. Weight – this is similar to an attribution model where Facebook will weigh the different interactions and give different value for each. For example a comment is more valuable than a simple like and it means the user is more involved with the post.
3. Time Decay – is basically how long the post has been alive. The older the post, the less value it will have. This is created so that your newsfeed continues to have fresh content.
Below are some examples of this algorithm...

Source: http://wolfgangjaegel.com/getting-it-right-facebook-posts-and-engagement/
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